In 2011, the United Nations reported that 3.6 billion people are living in urban areas, and this is expected to…
Another way of thinking about design is in how we manage data. Making sense of the world requires a discriminative…
This section provides an overview of computer based design tools available today and how the notion of design and the…
A background of architecture with regard to systems science and complexity science is provided in this section. Systems science and…
The advent of search algorithms that are inspired by biological evolution is a story of co-evolution developing independently in the…
Fractals have significance in many fields and are an active field of research. From building nanoscale fractal architectures in gold…
Fractal geometry is used for measuring “complexity” in a variety of ways (Mitchell, 1996). Fractal measures can identify non-linear relationships…